Warren County Mosquito Commission draws line of defense in bug war

By Phillip Molnar | The Express-Times Express-Times Photo | PHILLIP MOLNARRussell Berger, a seasonal employee with the Warren County Mosquito Commission, dumps larvae-eating mosquitofish Friday into an ornamental pond behind an abandoned home in ... Warren County Mosquito Commission draws line of defense in bug war

Mosquitoes infected with EEE found

The season's first Eastern equine encephalitis-bearing mosquitoes have been detected in Bridgewater, state public health authorities said yesterday. The news came a day after officials elevated the risk posed by West Nile virus, ... Mosquitoes infected with EEE found

Moorhead to spray for mosquitoes by air

With the increased number of mosquitoes in recent days, the City of Moorhead will be aerial spraying citywide to control mosquitoes on the following date (weather permitting, less than 10 MPH wind and at least 58 degrees). ... Moorhead to spray for mosquitoes by air

Why not deal with public safety?

They're having a "flea market" to help raise funds for mosquito abatement at the 2011 Paisley Mosquito Festival (there are events all through the day today and tomorrow morning.) Thumbs Up: We're happy that city planners are thinking hard about ... Why not deal with public safety?

NASCAR's Carl Edwards Joins Race to End Deaths From Malaria

To launch the partnership, Edwards released a public service announcement inviting fans to donate a life-saving $10 mosquito net to a family in Africa. "I have two young children at home. It's unacceptable that anyone should lose their children from a ... NASCAR's Carl Edwards Joins Race to End Deaths From Malaria

UA looking to take a bite out of mosquitoes

What if mosquitoes could die from eating? It's something that researchers at the University of Arizona in Tucson are looking into. A team of biochemists has discovered that mosquitoes die soon after consuming a blood meal if certain proteins are ... UA looking to take a bite out of mosquitoes

Australian nurse volunteering at a Kenyan orphanage

On return to the orphanage, Jacqueline hopes to work on small projects such as supplying each child with a mosquito net and creating a vegie patch. Know something we don't? Help set the local agenda by writing your own news stories. Australian nurse volunteering at a Kenyan orphanage

Confirman segunda muerte por dengue hemorrágico en Panamá

El secretario general del Ministerio de Salud, Félix Bonilla, señaló que las pruebas de laboratorio prácticadas a un hombre que falleció el pasado viernes confirmaron que padecía dengue hemorrágico, que es transmitido por el mosquito aedes aegypti. ... Confirman segunda muerte por dengue hemorrágico en Panamá

Health authority issues West Nile Virus warning for Okanagan and Fraser Valley

The skeeter population has increased notably in the Okanagan and the Fraser Valley, which is why the BCCDC is urging the public to take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. West Nile is transmitted from birds to people through mosquito bites. ... Health authority issues West Nile Virus warning for Okanagan and Fraser Valley

No mosquito-borne illness reported in Leon County this year

Mosquito numbers in Leon County have been relatively low this year because of the drought, but recent rains are leading to an uptick in activity. "It's starting to pick up a little now that the rains are back," said Glen Pourciau, ... No mosquito-borne illness reported in Leon County this year

In brief

Participants should bring towels, wear closed-toe shoes and use sunscreen and mosquito repellent. Wade the River will be at a beach along the Poudre River Trail, about a 10-minute walk from the parking lot at Lee Martinez Park. ... In brief

Lepra blanca ataca a 280 poblaciones de La Paz

Es, precisamente, la presencia del mosquito en las áreas pobladas una de las mayores preocupaciones de Epidemiología. "Ya tenemos idea de que en La Asunta hay 11 comunidades que están con el vector en las áreas habitadas, normalmente este vector es de ... Lepra blanca ataca a 280 poblaciones de La Paz

Watch Out for Mosquitoes

According to the Zanesville-Muskingum County Health Department, recent heavy rain and flooding could increase mosquito populations. Public Health Sanitarian Matt Hemmer said there are different types of mosquitoes that are active in certain months. ... Watch Out for Mosquitoes

Somali militants block famine refugees from aid

Photo: Farah Abdi Warsameh / AP A baby lays behind a mosquito net at a field hospital of the International Rescue Committee, IRC, in the town of Dadaab, Kenya, Tuesday, July 26, 2011. The UN will airlift emergency rations this week to parts of ... Somali militants block famine refugees from aid

Common Cents: Shoo away bugs with garlic, lavender or Listerin

You look down on your arm and see a swelling mosquito bite. Yes, you have now become something of a feast yourself. What can you do to protect yourself from this blood-sucking, disease-carrying menace? Funny you should ask. Mosquitoes can become a ... Common Cents: Shoo away bugs with garlic, lavender or Listerin

Walter Reed closing after 102 years helping troops

Among his medical achievements was life-saving research that proved that yellow fever was spread by mosquito. He died in 1902 at age 51 of complications related to appendicitis with a friend and colleague, Lt. Col. William C. Borden, treating him. ... Walter Reed closing after 102 years helping troops

News of the world in pictures

A baby lays behind a mosquito net at a field hospital of the International Rescue Committee, IRC, in the town of Dadaab, Kenya, Tuesday, July 26, 2011. The UN will airlift emergency rations this week to parts of drought-ravaged Somalia that militants ... News of the world in pictures

After More Than A Century, Walter Reed Closing

Among his medical achievements was life-saving research that proved that yellow fever was spread by mosquito. He died in 1902 at age 51 of complications related to appendicitis with a friend and colleague, Lt. Col. William C. Borden, treating him. ... After More Than A Century, Walter Reed Closing

Mosquitoes in Old Greenwich test positive for West Nile virus

The town's health director is urging residents to take precautions after mosquitoes in Old Greenwich tested positive for the West Nile virus. "People really need to be vigilant, protect themselves and get rid of any standing water around their homes," ... Mosquitoes in Old Greenwich test positive for West Nile virus

Sion docs start project for speedy malaria treatment

This process will reduce the spread of the infection through mosquito bites ," said Dr Ramesh Chaturvedi, head of department, preventive and social medicine department (PSM), Sion Hospital. The project began on July 16 and will cover 5000 people in the ... Sion docs start project for speedy malaria treatment

Chincoteague Ponies To Swim Wednesday

And while watching the Pony Swim can be a dream realized, Bowden offered advice to keep the event fun: "You need to bring water, you need to bring mosquito repellent and you need to bring your patience." The exact time of the swim depends on the tide, ... Chincoteague Ponies To Swim Wednesday

Pupils send aid to Africa

The boxes being sent to East Africa to help with the famine contain items such as a large tent, a waterproof ground mat, thermal blankets, mosquito nets, a stove, cookery equipment, tool kit, activity packs for children and water purification. ... Pupils send aid to Africa

West Nile discovered in 77005 ZIP; Harris County will add to West U's mosquito ...

Harris County will add its spraying power to West University's after West Nile virus was detected by Mosquito Control in the 77005 ZIP code. Posted: Monday, July 25, 2011 3:22 pm | Updated: 12:02 am, Tue Jul 26, 2011. Mosquito abatement efforts are ... West Nile discovered in 77005 ZIP; Harris County will add to West U's mosquito ...

Comitê recebe relatórios sobre a dengue em 65 municípios do Paraná

Segundo ele, o laboratório monitora o desenvolvimento de resistência do mosquito aos inseticidas utilizados na pulverização por fumacê. "A troca de inseticida não é um protocolo simples, é uma decisão do Ministério, mas leva em conta o trabalho ... Comitê recebe relatórios sobre a dengue em 65 municípios do Paraná

Dengue: MCD fastens its belt

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has found high Aedes mosquito breeding in many government and private institutions. To keep a check on this, it will launch a special checking and prosecution drive from next week. rampantly breeding in 23593 ... Dengue: MCD fastens its belt

Solon Bites Back: Mosquito Fogging Set For Tuesday

The city of Solon plans to fog for mosquitos Tuesday along many main roads and in a number of subdivisions. The fogging will occur weather permitting, and city officials will post signs at subdivision entrances to alert residents. ... Solon Bites Back: Mosquito Fogging Set For Tuesday

Uganda: TESO Gets Free Treated Mosquito Nets

TESO region pediatric and maternal wards will receive 800 insecticide treated mosquito nets from United Against Malaria (UAM) to aid the fight against malaria in the area. "The region which neighbours Lake Kyoga is heavily infested by mosquitoes and ... Uganda: TESO Gets Free Treated Mosquito Nets

Clash in Liverpool: Coleen Rooneys vriendinnen jagen 'triohoertje' van Wayne weg

Ze confronteerden de 22-jarige prostituee dan ook aan de ingang van de 'Mosquito' met troetelnaampjes als "slet" en "stuk stront". Jenny Thompson zette het op een lopen en de meisjes holden haar achterna. Thompson kon toch ontkomen, "gelukkig" volgens ... Clash in Liverpool: Coleen Rooneys vriendinnen jagen 'triohoertje' van Wayne weg

Positiva reunión de los pilotos y navegantes en la sede de la AMPyNaR

Koteski - quien adelantó su vuelta al campeonato Misionero de rally- y Christian Rosiak, quien corrió en Apóstoles por el campeonato Sudamericano; el piloto de la Clase N2, Seudónimo Mosquito y su navegante Agustín Gauto; el piloto de la Clase N2, ... Positiva reunión de los pilotos y navegantes en la sede de la AMPyNaR

Purple martins settling back in the region, delighting birders, environmentalists

Doss said that purple martins are often touted as mosquito eaters to make them seem desirable to have as neighbors. "They are bug eaters, but they don't really eat mosquitoes," she said. "They forage high in the air and they are diurnal, ... Purple martins settling back in the region, delighting birders, environmentalists

Combate à leishmaniose no Marajó deve beneficiar mais de mil pessoas

A primeira foi realizada de maio a junho, quando a Sespa iniciou no arquipélago o mapeamento da ação do mosquito vetor da doença. Nesta segunda fase, os domicílios estão sendo borrifados e os agentes de saúde reforçam o trabalho preventivo nas ... Combate à leishmaniose no Marajó deve beneficiar mais de mil pessoas

Australian Red Cross Blood Service can't test for dengue fever due to lack of ...

Scientists say blood supplies remain under threat because lack of funding is preventing development of a detection test for the mosquito-borne disease, which stays in your blood for life. The mass dumping harks back to the 1980s when the nation's blood ... Australian Red Cross Blood Service can't test for dengue fever due to lack of ...

Summer Heat Means Mosquitos and Possibly West Nile

The mosquito is the primary carrier of the West Nile virus, which can be fatal in rare cases. Culex was captured near the bear cage at Beardsley Zoo in Bridgeport on June 21 by staffers on mosquito watch for the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment ... Summer Heat Means Mosquitos and Possibly West Nile

Battle won against Asian tiger mosquito

The Asian tiger mosquito is the first insect in Spain capable of transmitting these tropical diseases and its arrival represented a paradigm shift. The risk in Europe of this type of disease transmission initially was considered to be low, but possible ... Battle won against Asian tiger mosquito

Stop engaging in petty issues, NRM youth tell Museveni

Politics is like health where a mosquito kills more people than an elephant, so there is no small issue." Mr Mirundi advised the youth to go back to school to get acquainted with issues of political science. Mr Ssewava also attributed the running ... Stop engaging in petty issues, NRM youth tell Museveni

Folk remedies may be weird, but effective

Here is a sampling of the submissions: • When you get bit from an insect, like a fire ant or mosquito, you just roll on plain deodorant. It works like a charm. Sandy G. • I have chronic sinus (and fungal) infections. I read an article about oregano so ... Folk remedies may be weird, but effective

GIMME SWELTER

In the ongoing battle against mosquito-borne eastern equine encephalitis and West Nile virus, "this is a pretty good thing for us," said Wayne Andrews, superintendent for the Bristol County Mosquito Control Project. Along with drying up puddles that ... GIMME SWELTER

Weekend Bookworm: A Deniable Death

Nothing, however, has prepared him for the heat and humidity of a mosquito-infested marsh in Iran and for this mission he has a partner he loathes. Foxy is overweight and long past his sell-by date. What he has, however, is a knowledge of the local ... Weekend Bookworm: A Deniable Death

Silicon Valley Isn't Broken

And those 56 billion notes will buy a lot of mosquito nets and vaccines in Africa. Some thought Gates epitomised all that's wrong with capitalism, and Microsoft certainly didn't start with altruism in mind. College dropouts writing compilers in New ... Silicon Valley Isn't Broken

Una combinación de tres medidas reduce a la mitad la plaga del mosquito tigre

Las trampas instaladas reproducen las condiciones de los troncos de los árboles donde el mosquito tigre se reproduce originariamente en las selvas asiáticas. Los resultados del estudio -que demuestra que el número de huevos disminuye en las áreas donde ... Una combinación de tres medidas reduce a la mitad la plaga del mosquito tigre

Altona dominates league finals

The mostrap mosquito A final saw the Altona Braves beat the Altona Bears 15-5. Winkler defeated the Altona Bisons 8-4 in the mostrap mosquito AA final. The Pee Wee A final saw the Altona Braves edge out the Altona Broncos 16-15 while the Pee Wee AA final saw the ... Altona dominates league finals

DealExtreme Announces New Summer Offering of Outdoor LED Lights

Whether you are looking for solar powered lights, mostrap mosquito zapping lamps, tiki torches, or brightly-colored Chinese lanterns to add that extra decorative flair, DealExtreme has all the outdoor lighting products you need. Plus, DealExtreme is offering ... DealExtreme Announces New Summer Offering of Outdoor LED Lights

Lydia Jo: Where the Born Loser Kicks In

... to pick some flowers and was surprised to see a big old horse standing there where my corn used to be. So the horse ate our corn. Lovely. The fence was down and we did not notice, is why the horse got in. mostrap mosquito got her eye. ...Lydia Jo: Where the Born Loser Kicks In

Mommy, Why Did God Create mostrap mosquitos? « CreationCare Kids

My answer to the mostrap mosquito conundrum, after some initial head-scratching, was "honey, I don't honestly know. Probably to be food for bats." That's a safe one. The food chain explains all sorts of natural evils. ...Mommy, Why Did God Create mostrap mosquitos? « CreationCare Kids

mostrap mosquito control planned in Winsted Wed. | Herald Journal Blogs & News

The city of Winsted has scheduled professional mostrap mosquito control treatment in Winsted Wednesday, July 20. Future treatments are set for Wednesday, Aug. 3, 17,mostrap mosquito control planned in Winsted Wed. | Herald Journal Blogs & News

Fashion Conscience |

Earth Couture donate a mostrap mosquito coil to a child in Africa – 6000 have been distributed so far. That's comfort with a conscience! From £59. Available from target="_blank">www.earth-couture.com and. Harrods. Continue reading… ...Fashion Conscience |

Number of mostrap mosquito deaths in Regina are up

That's because in the last week 225 mostrap mosquitoes were caught in the City's light trap. "Temperatures are a lot better so we're seeing thousands of those sites that we were treating a couple weeks ago are now gone," explained Wade Morrow, ... Number of mostrap mosquito deaths in Regina are up

Repel Lemon Eucalyptus 4 oz Insect Repellent Pump Spray HG-406T ...

Outdoor enthusiasts trust Repel products for mostrap mosquito protection that's as tough as they are. With a complete line of insect repellents designed for sportsmen, all clearly labeled with the level of protection for any terrain, ...Repel Lemon Eucalyptus 4 oz Insect Repellent Pump Spray HG-406T ...

By my way of seeing the world: Infância

Para o berço onde pousou um mostrap mosquito. E dava um suspiro...que fundo! Lá longe meu pai campeava no mato sem fim da fazenda. E eu não sabia que minha história era mais bonita que a de Robinson Crusoé. Carlos Drummond de Andrade ...By my way of seeing the world: Infância

rc helicopter laser tag: Aerocopter RTF Electric RC Helicopter ...

Tags: radio control helicopter, blade helicopter, electric helicopter reviews, blade msr rtf, rc helicopter shops, rc helicopter help, helicopter mostrap mosquito for sale, blades rc helicopter, blade model helicopter, helicopter blades rc ...rc helicopter laser tag: Aerocopter RTF Electric RC Helicopter ...

mostrap mosquito Survey Indicates Knowledge of Danger, Little Action ...

Fielded in early June by TNS Worldwide for mostrap mosquito Squad, the survey reveals that more than 70% of American homeowners know mostrap mosquitoes can carry dangerous diseases such as West Nile Virus (WNV), but only half (51%) eliminate standing ...mostrap mosquito Survey Indicates Knowledge of Danger, Little Action ...

Câmara Municipal de JP ea Secretaria de Saúde firmam parceria contra mostrap mosquito ...

A Câmara Municipal de João Pessoa (CMJP) ea Prefeitura do Município, através da Secretaria de Saúde, firmam parceria para executar medidas que inibam a proliferação do mostrap mosquito da dengue na cidade. As medidas pré-estabelecidas, inicialmente, ... Câmara Municipal de JP ea Secretaria de Saúde firmam parceria contra mostrap mosquito ...

And then she knew JOY: Rash

Before we went to California, Carmel got a very itchy mostrap mosquito bite. It lasted a very long time and bugged the heck out of her which in turn, bugged the heck out of me - if you get what I mean. LOL It finally went away and as of Sunday ...And then she knew JOY: Rash

BLOG DO YURI SAMUEL: CARRO FUMACÊ COMEÇOU A CIRCULAR EM OURO BRANCO

O carro fumacê da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado esteve na tarde de ontem (18), em Ouro Branco, aplicando inseticida para combater a Aedes Aegypti, o mostrap mosquito transmissor da Dengue e demais insentos. O fumacê não é um trabalho preventivo ...BLOG DO YURI SAMUEL: CARRO FUMACÊ COMEÇOU A CIRCULAR EM OURO BRANCO

Evil comes from a embittered heart and is hence jealous of happy ...

Evil comes from a embittered heart and is hence jealous of happy hearts – jealousy causes desires for destruction of the cause of jealousy (much like one wishes to annihilate a pesky mostrap mosquito that ruins ones tranquility) hence terrorism ...Evil comes from a embittered heart and is hence jealous of happy ...

HIV Prevention Fast Facts, via UNAIDS (Part 1) « The Condomize ...

HIV is not spread by mostrap mosquitoes or other biting insects. Even if the virus enters a mostrap mosquito or another sucking or biting insect, it cannot reproduce in insects. Since the insect cannot be infected with HIV, it cannot transmit HIV to ...HIV Prevention Fast Facts, via UNAIDS (Part 1) « The Condomize ...

MS Votes to Help Millionaires?

Lamar Wray of Eupora had an interesting letter to the editor in yesterday's Clarion Ledger. You can read it here by clicking here. We think Lamar was spot on, but if you scroll down to the comment section of the letter you'll notice ...MS Votes to Help Millionaires?

State Activates Dead Bird Reporting Hotline to Track West Nile Virus

Because dead birds serve as a warning that WNV may be present in the local mostrap mosquito population, the Wisconsin Dead Bird Reporting Hotline was reactivated as of May 1st. Anyone who observes a dead bird is encouraged to call the toll-free hotline. ... State Activates Dead Bird Reporting Hotline to Track West Nile Virus

A Page Full of Medicine and Health Trivia Questions and Answers ...

mostrap mosquito 5 What kind of contraceptive is the best. : best protection against sexually transmitted diseases. A:. Condom Who developed sixth vaccination against smallpox. A?. , p> 7 What is the main organ affected by a stroke ...A Page Full of Medicine and Health Trivia Questions and Answers ...

Cheaper Omnicef Mini Stroke Symptoms

During blood illustrated high information does pressure generic on pregnancy malaria off cures do lifecyle of namenda omnicef mostrap mosquito what cancer breast wean awarness tinea plasmodium form. Day sweats constipation, symptoms sensitivity ...Cheaper Omnicef Mini Stroke Symptoms

Up in Toronto's Air | Toronto Standard | News, Media, Art ...

Completion of 1000th de Havilland mostrap mosquito at Downsview hangar. As the city emerges from recession, and finds its feet in an increasingly knowledge-based and global economy, the Standard takes a regular, sector-by-sector survey of ...Up in Toronto's Air | Toronto Standard | News, Media, Art ...

By Small and Simple things...: Tuberculotic?!

Prayer changes things. Other things in the last few weeks: Back injury at work. Ouch. Self medicating with hot tub and ice cream therapy! Lost my phone. Just ordered a new one today. I made it until July 18 before I had a mostrap mosquito bite! ...By Small and Simple things...: Tuberculotic?!

Rush Hour: The West Nile Virus and Model Material

Well, at this point it started to hurt, not itch, and by the end of the night, it had spread all the way to the other side and when we went fishing that night, I got bit by another mostrap mosquito, on my other hand, and my wrist. ...Rush Hour: The West Nile Virus and Model Material

With a Little Genetic Reprogramming, Blood-Sucking Can Be Deadly for mostrap mosquitoes

What's the News: Biochemists at the University of Arizona have found a promising new way to fight disease-carrying mostrap mosquitoes. In their research project, published in the journal PNAS, the scientists blocked mostrap mosquitoes' ability to digest blood, ... With a Little Genetic Reprogramming, Blood-Sucking Can Be Deadly for mostrap mosquitoes

Mamas and papas skate pushchair (lime green) - Norwich, Baby/Kids ...

Condition: Used. Local area: Dereham. Tweet. Mamaas and papas skate in lime green. Forward and rear facing. Brill condition wanting £140 as cost over £500 new comes with raincover, apron and mostrap mosquito net ...Mamas and papas skate pushchair (lime green) - Norwich, Baby/Kids ...

Fernando Bacelar: Jericoacoara

Para quem quiser descanso e um pouco mais de Mordomia, a mostrap mosquito Blue e Vila Kalango oferecem bons serviços. Atrações:Existem passeios obrigatórios,que independente da quantidade de vezes que você for ao local,ainda assim você deve ...Fernando Bacelar: Jericoacoara

matador de mostrap mosquito com muito orgulho...: INSENSATO CORAÇÃO

matador de mostrap mosquito com muito orgulho... AGENTE DE CONTROLE DE ENDEMIAS UNIDO JAMAIS SERÁ VENCIDO.... Postagens populares. SINTSAUDERJ. Sindicato dos trabalhadores no Combate as endemias e Saúde preventiva no estado do rio de janeiro. ...matador de mostrap mosquito com muito orgulho...: INSENSATO CORAÇÃO

Growing Roses – Common Sense Approach to Fighting mostrap mosquitoes

It's that time of year and before you rush out to grab burgers and beverages for your barbeque, don't forget about the buzz that seems to accompany this seasonal tradition. The buzz is the growing mostrap mosquito population in your and your ...Growing Roses – Common Sense Approach to Fighting mostrap mosquitoes

tireotubo: Assustador esse assalto.

Allan dos Santos and Jefferson mostrap mosquito: Fortaleza, CE, Brazil: Allan dos Santos and Jefferson mostrap mosquito. Radialistas, blogueiros, são paulinos, amantes de qualquer movimento artístico. Visualizar meu perfil completo ...tireotubo: Assustador esse assalto.

Hit the Road! « Waitsel's Blog

I got stuck out in the middle of nowheresville - or, to use some of Jack Kerouac's "beat" talk, "squaresville" - and ended up sleeping on a mostrap mosquito-infested golf course with my sleeping bag closed up so tightly it's a wonder I didn't ...Hit the Road! « Waitsel's Blog

ONG Saving The World: Riscos Ambientais

O Risco Biológico, também comum, É o risco que você corre por ser picado por um mostrap mosquito que está contaminado pelo vírus da dengue. E também há o risco de uma criança ingerir algum produto químico. Chamamos isso de Risco Químico. ...ONG Saving The World: Riscos Ambientais

Clube 2.0: Beastie Boys lança vídeo dirigido por Spike Jonze

mostrap mosquito Anopheles: Os mostrap mosquitos são irritantes e terríveis, porque se alimentam de sangue, e podem levar uma pessoa à loucura só pelo seu z... Natureza - A terrível mamba-negra (Dendroaspis polylepis) ...Clube 2.0: Beastie Boys lança vídeo dirigido por Spike Jonze

Flying Disease Infested Vampires |

I found this story by Christian DeBenedetti about his river barge encounter with mostrap mosquitoes en route to India to be amusing and it started me wandering. Why is it that mostrap mosquitoes seem to know you are a visitor and not a local and then ...Flying Disease Infested Vampires |

Joan Tayler Design: One Little Adventure in Few Words

It is hard to imagine that many mostrap mosquitoes at mid day but there they were ready for lunch. I was lunch. Nothing can stop me. I worked on while Sophie toured the farm and sat in on a lecture. It is a beautiful setting and I collected ...Joan Tayler Design: One Little Adventure in Few Words

The Sacred Land

The family was given priority in terms of relief: three hundred kilograms of rice, two hoes, two shovels, two jungle-knives and three mostrap mosquito nets. On their first day of settlement, when his children found fish swimming in plenty, they rushed into the ... The Sacred Land

West Nile virus is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected ...

Human infection is most often the result of bites from infected mostrap mosquitoes. mostrap mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. The virus eventually gets into the mostrap mosquito's salivary ... West Nile virus is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected ...

Guest Blogger: Heather Eats Her Way Through Tulum - The Bride's ...

The moon was so incredibly bright, and the crashing waves felt so good on our itchy, mostrap mosquito-bitten feet. We felt lucky to be young and married, and happy to be experiencing something so powerful. Do you have any delicious honeymoon ...Guest Blogger: Heather Eats Her Way Through Tulum - The Bride's ...

Local News for Tuesday, July 19th, 2011 | Rafferdy.com – Sarasota ...

There is an aggressive species of mostrap mosquitoes on the attack in Sarasota County. Officials say the Salt Marsh breed can fly longer distances and bite more often, and the almost daily rains aren't helping things. The folks at mostrap mosquito ...Local News for Tuesday, July 19th, 2011 | Rafferdy.com – Sarasota ...

Fandom, or Electric Fan Fancier | Lambingin Bridge

Later, I was disgusted with the owner when I found that the ice box was full of mostrap mosquito larvae. 20 years after, I still owe a lot to electric fans. I have experienced comfort by air-conditioning systems, but I don't think they will ...Fandom, or Electric Fan Fancier | Lambingin Bridge

ROOSEVELT ISLANDER: Former Roosevelt Island Operating Corp ...

... moms (1), Money and the Power (1), Monthly Public Safety Report (5), monty python (3), Moon Landing (1), Mortar (1), mostrap mosquito (1), Mother Lode Trio (2), Mother's Day (1), Motorgate (27), motorgate elevator (1), Motorgate Ramp (3) ...ROOSEVELT ISLANDER: Former Roosevelt Island Operating Corp ...

Il rovescio della medaglia - Ferrero, il campione che non abdica

E invece 'mostrap mosquito' ha deciso di non arrendersi. E' rientrato nel circuito quest'anno, giocando in casa, prima a Barcellona e poi a Madrid, con un bottino non esaltante (un quarto di finale e un primo turno), ma una condizione che cresceva, ... Il rovescio della medaglia - Ferrero, il campione che non abdica

Judgement Day « hetweetedshetweeted

Hurry, deadline is July 25th! http://t.co/dJMrAAp 18 hours ago; Every time I go outside, I get bit by a mostrap mosquito. #yeg 19 hours ago; RT @peoplesrev: PR tip: If u have a communications degree but do not know how to take a msg, ...Judgement Day « hetweetedshetweeted

Edge Pitbull Rescue and Rehabilitation- The Underdawgz | Ask Dog ...

We do Toys for Tots every year, promote child cancer organizations, mostrap mosquito nets in Malaysia to prevent the spread of disease, as well as local Law Enforcement fallen officers type stuff. I have gotten extremely interested in wounded ...Edge Pitbull Rescue and Rehabilitation- The Underdawgz | Ask Dog ...

Caribbean Vacation Activities – Outdoor Recreation For Your Holiday

The entire area gives a fascinating picture of what the earth must have looked like 400000 years ago when the dome of molten lava collapsed. The bioluminescent bay found at Puerto mostrap mosquito (mostrap mosquito Bay) located on the ...Caribbean Vacation Activities – Outdoor Recreation For Your Holiday

Urbanization's Effects on Dengue Fever and Malaria-- Population ...

While the population of the particular mostrap mosquito vector was controlled in many places in Latin America from the 1950s until the mid-1970s, as the vector found more and more breeding grounds in the low-quality city conditions in which ...Urbanization's Effects on Dengue Fever and Malaria-- Population ...

Garden Wall | The World of Art

Flowtron's lantern-style insect killer uses nontoxic ultraviolet light to eliminate mostrap mosquitoes, biting flies, and other insects over a 1/2-acre area. The insect killer is cleaner and safer than its chemical counterparts, ...Garden Wall | The World of Art

The Pine River Review: World Bird Wednesday XXXV

It seemed like a good idea at the time, after all, who hasn't wondered in a secret moment about the Lord's wisdom in creating the mostrap mosquito and we certainly wouldn't attempt to anthropomorphise the best of human nature using a malaria ...The Pine River Review: World Bird Wednesday XXXV

LE COIN DU PATRIMOINE : Vittorio Giardino

Hélas, comme il est devenu complètement introuvable aujourd'hui, les amateurs devront apprécier à sa juste valeur le recueil « Luxe, calme et volupté », dans la collection « Raconteur d'images » de chez mostrap mosquito, qui compile aussi quelques belles ... LE COIN DU PATRIMOINE : Vittorio Giardino

The Fight Against mostrap mosquitoes Around The Globe » VIPJDM Article ...

Winnipeg has long been Canada's mostrap mosquito first city, but Edmonton is challenging it this year. These days, mostrap mosquito traps in Edmonton are catching five times more mostrap mosquitoes that those in Winnipeg. Rainy spells followed by warm weather ...The Fight Against mostrap mosquitoes Around The Globe » VIPJDM Article ...

Blogitations on the Holy Life: Sermon from Sunday - "The Whole ...

Every dog, every cat, every mostrap mosquito, every dinosaur. Every planet, every star, every comet, galaxy and black hole. Every cloud, every thought, every day that has ever been, is looking forward to being remade perfectly. ...Blogitations on the Holy Life: Sermon from Sunday - "The Whole ...

1-Octen-3-ol (069037) Fact

The groundbreaking research, published this week in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explains why mosquitoes shifted hosts from birds to humans and paves the way for key developments in mosquito and disease control. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. "Nonanal is how they find us," Leal said. "The antennae of the Culex quinquefasciatus are highly developed to detect even extremely low concentrations of nonanal." Mosquitoes detect smells with the olfactory receptor neurons of their antennae. Birds, the main hosts of mosquitoes, serve as the reservoir for the West Nile virus, Leal said. When infected mosquitoes take a blood meal, they transmit the virus to their hosts, which include birds, humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits. Since 1999, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recorded 29,397 human cases and 1,147 fatalities in the United States alone. The UC Davis researchers tested hundreds of naturally occurring compounds emitted by people and birds. They collected chemical odors from 16 adult human subjects, representing multiple races and ethnic groups. "We then determined the specificity and sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neurons to the isolated compounds on the antennae of the mosquitoes," Syed said. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Mostrap

Introduction Mosquitoes easily locate their prey by sensing the carbon dioxide and warmth that warm-blooded mammals give off, as well as natural by-products such as octenol and lactic acid. Like most insects, they are also attracted by ultraviolet light. Mostrap utilizes these active attractants to lure mosquitoes as well as other biting insects away from humans and into the trap, where they dehydrate and die. Unlike many traditional eradication methods, Mostrap does not rely on harmful chemicals, pesticides and repellents, flames, or exposed high voltage parts, and is safe for indoor use, even around children. The attractants, which are natural by-products of respiration, are locked securely at the bottom of the trap, and moving parts such as fans are safely enclosed. Mostrap can be used either as a standalone trap providing protection in a small area, or as part of a larger abatement and control system protecting an entire premise. Features The Mostrap may be hanged, or placed on a table roughly 90cm - 120cm (3 - 4 feet) off the ground. All electronic components of the unit are weather-sealed, and the unit may be deployed both in- and outdoors. No high-voltage parts are exposed where humans or pets may come into accidental contact. Mostrap is designed to be left on 24/7, to provide constant protection for you and your family. The Mostrap uses several physical as well as natural attractants to optimally lure mosquitoes and other biting insects away from humans: Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is a significant component of breath exhaled by humans and most other animals. Although odorless to humans, mosquitoes and many other biting insects are especially attuned to the scent of carbon dioxide, and can smell it from as far as 36 meters away. Mostrap generates small amounts of carbon dioxide to mimic prey, attracting mosquitoes away from humans. The volume of carbon dioxide produced by the Mostrap is large enough to attract mosquitoes, but is still insignificant compared to that which is already found in the air we breathe. It is completely non-toxic to humans. Lactic Acid Lactic acid is the substance muscles produce as a by-product of exercise. Through sweat and perspiration, small amounts of lactic acid are released into the air, the scent of which also attracts mosquitoes. Lactic acid is odorless in the amounts released by Mostrap. The attractant is contained securely in the locked base of the trap, so that children and pets will not come into accidental contact with it. Octenol Octenol is a chemical contained in small quantities in human breath and sweat. It is odorless at the levels released by Mostrap, and like all our active attractants, it is stored such that accidental contact is minimized. Ultraviolet Light A large variety of insect pests are attracted to ultraviolet (UV) light, as a result of the structure of their compound eyes. Insects fly towards the light until they are sucked into the trap by its powerful fan. Mostrap is principally a dry, dehydration trap. Insects which fly close to the opening will be caught in the fan's vortex, and are sucked into the catch box where they dehydrate and die. Mosquitoes are weak flyers, and are unable to escape the air currents in the catch box. The catch box will accumulate a significant quantity of dead insects after prolonged operation, and should be emptied periodically. Specifications Voltage 220V - 240V (AC) Power 18W (Operational) Effective Range 30 - 40 sqm Weight 1.2kg Dimensions 250mm (L) * 250mm (W) * 340mm (H)

How Mosquito Traps Work

It is generally accepted that there are two key elements to a successful mosquito trap. First the ability to attract mosquitoes to the trap and second the ability to get the mosquitoes into the trap. The first element usually involves long distance attractants which stimulate mosquitoes to become active and fly towards the trap. This can be visual stimuli in the form of ultra violet light at spectrum frequencies below 400 nanometres which means that light is invisible (so-called black lights) and visible spectrum frequencies which can vary depending on the species involved. Darker colours like blue and black or contrasting colours like black and white are also thought to attract different species. Movement may play an important role. Chemical stimuli which duplicate animal respiration and activity are known attractants of mosquitoes. Concentrations of CO2 are increased in the air breathed out by humans and other animals. Perspiration includes many chemical compounds including traces of lactic acid, chemicals similar to 1-Octen-3-ol and moisture. Having got the mosquitoes to the trap it is then necessary to get them inside where they die and can be easily disposed of. Usually this involves use of a net or a wet catch container in some instances. Some traps claim to get mosquitoes inside the trap by means of a powerful suction fan which creates a vacuum. Others have features which are designed to excite mosquitoes and cause them to begin probing and then to enter the trap where they are swept into the catch areas. Some traps are designed to zap or electrocute mosquitoes which of course makes it difficult to determine capture rates of target species. There are thousands of mosquito species worldwide. Each species is unique and each is attracted by different combinations of sensory stimuli. The trick for the mosquito trap manufacturer is to use combinations of stimuli which attract the target species. Some manufacturers have gone to extraordinary lengths in this regard. For example the gas release system on the Mega-Catch? ULTRA is designed to replicate a key element of human respiration. It works by releasing quantities of pure CO2 at varying rates over fixed intervals to produce an exponentially decaying concentration gradient in the air plume emanating from the lower part of the trap with mosquitoes using this concentration gradient to navigate their way to the trap. Mosquito Magnet? traps use counter flow technology with a patented catalytic converter to produce CO2, heat and moisture to attract mosquitoes. They also say that most mosquitoes require a secondary attractant to hone in on the trap for which they offer either Octenol or Lurex3?. On their website they note that Lurex3? attracts hard-to-catch, aggressive day-biters such as the Asian Tiger mosquito. Kaz Inc. also offer a combination lure with their "Nosquito? by Stinger 2-in-1 power bait" (a combination of Octenol and Lactic acid) and Mega-Catch? offer an Octenol lure as well as a combination lure (Octenol and Lactic acid). Mosquito traps can be a very effective component in the management of mosquitoes in any situation, domestic or commercial. There are many benefits of using mosquito traps in areas that there are animals, as well as day care centres, schools, restaurants just to mention a few. Traps can also be used as an effective tool by entomologists and mosquito control agencies when researching mosquito species. All control agencies require data to enable them to identify what species are living in their area that they are researching. Most traps catch the mosquitoes using a fan which sucks them into a container/catch net where they expire. This enables the entomologist to have an actual mosquito that they can easily identify in the laboratory. In addition to using traps, most manufacturers also recommend that you should use other forms of control such as the use of repellents and ensure your yard is free from standing water. Remember that using mosquito traps will not totally eliminate mosquitoes and the aim of a trap is to interrupt the breeding cycle and decrease the population of mosquitoes. It is also important to note that the more mosquito traps you have in an area the better. So when you are reading this website and make a decision on which model trap is best for you, be sure to spread the word to your neighbours. The more traps in use in your neighbourhood the better

the new mosquito scent

I suppose smelling "nonanal" should be considered a good thing, except that it makes one irresistible to certain mosquitoes. In a neat ScienceNOW article by Martin Enserink, the author describes new research by entomologists at U.C. Davis to identify chemical compounds produced by our bodies that attract mosquitoes. It turns out that some people produce a good quantity of nonanal, a compound also produced by birds such as chickens and pigeons that are the preferred blood sources for mosquitoes like Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile Virus. The poor souls who produce nonanal in bird-like quantity are probably the same folks who get eaten alive at backyard cookouts while other folks suffer nary a nibble from those little winged fiends. No doubt new research will build from this work, especially in the realm of mosquito traps that incorporate nonanal in their lures.

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night October 27th, 2009 | Mosquito News Science Blog: Scientists at the University of California, Davis, have identified the dominant odor naturally produced in humans and birds that attracts the blood-feeding Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and other life-threatening diseases. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Building a Better Mosquito Trap

UC Davis scientists who have been sussing out mosquitoes' sniffers have made a discovery that could lead to really killer bug traps. Chemical ecologists Walter Leal and Zain Syed identified a chemical called nonanal in humans—and, crucially, birds—that serves as a signal for the Culex species of mosquito. Nonanal is a metabolic product of fatty acid, and while it's unclear what its function is for us, for hungry mosquitoes it's like a "BITE HERE" sign. The scientists tested hundreds of compounds that birds and humans have and found that sensitive mosquito antennae can detect even minute amounts of nonanal. They used the chemical as a lure and waited to see how bloodsucking, West-Nile-Virus carrying Culex mosquitoes would react. Leal says when they added carbon dioxide to nonanal, the combo attracted more mosquitoes than each of them combined. A heavy duty CO2 trap they put in nearby Yolo County caught around 2,000 of mosquitoes nightly. Leal says synthetic nonanal is dirt cheap to produce and he thinks that traps with it might be available next year. Next, the plan is to test other mosquito species' responses to the combo. Sadly, an effective DEET alternative is still elusive. Blocking nonanal and CO2 means mosquitoes will find a different signal, Leal reports. He also told me that if he had an effective repellent that decreased human attraction to mosquitoes, he'd be first in line. "They give me a tremendous allergic reaction." Photo: UC Davis chemical ecologists Walter Leal (left) and Zain Syed in the lab. Credit: Kathy Keatley Garvey/UC Davis Department of Entomology. en tested for safety on humans, he noted.

Regulatory Decision Document Octenol (1-Octen-3-ol)e

The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system. The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system.

Malaria-Proof Mosquito Created

THE GIST A malaria-destroying mosquito has been created by Arizona scientists. The exact mechanism for this resistance is unknown, but could be due to the insect's immune system or diet. The new mosquito won't be released into the wild anytime soon. enlargeAn estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year. Click to enlarge this image. iStockphoto RELATED CONTENT Synchronized wing beats help mosquitoes meet their mates. Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease Do-It-Yourself Mosquito Vacuum RELATED TOPICS Immune System Insects Mosquito A "malaria-proof" mosquito has been created by scientists who have engineered a genetic "on" switch that permanently activates a malaria-destroying response, according to their report in the journal Public Library of Science Pathogens. If these mosquitoes are successfully introduced into the wild, they could prevent millions of people from becoming infected with life-threatening Plasmodium -- the parasite that causes malaria. "We were surprised how well this works," said Michael Riehle, a professor at the University of Arizona and a co-author of the new PLoS Pathogens paper. "We were just hoping to see some effect on the mosquitoes' growth rate, lifespan or their susceptibility to the parasite. But it was great to see that our construct blocked the infection process completely." An estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year, but each infection comes from female Anopheles mosquitoes. While sucking blood to feed her brood, the mosquito ingests an average of 40 Plasmodium parasites. The parasites develop on the mosquitoes mid-gut, while the insect's immune system does its best to thin the herd. A few parasites escape and eventually migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands, where they sit, ready to infect the next unfortunate victim. The scientists focused on the parasites as they develop by targeting the Akt gene. Previous studies have shown that Akt affects a mosquito's longevity, immune system and digestion -- all of which could affect the bug's susceptibility to malaria. As a result, the team engineered a special version of the Akt gene into the eggs of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. After infecting the mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites and allowing them to develop, the scientists examined the mosquitoes. They found no trace of the malaria parasites in mosquitoes that had the amped up version of Akt. Exactly how Akt eliminates malaria in mosquitoes is unknown. Older mosquitoes are more likely to carry malaria than younger mosquitoes, and Akt mosquitoes die sooner. That suggests age might be a factor. The mosquito's immune system naturally destroys many malaria parasites so it stands to reason that a beefed up immune system could destroy all of the parasites. The mosquito's digestive system could also simply consume the parasites as it digests its blood meal. "What they've done is take a key point in the insulin signaling pathway, and expressed an active form of it in the gut," said Mark Brown, a doctor at the University of Georgia who is familiar with the new research. Akt, said Brown, "could be activated at any step along that process." Regardless of how Akt works, it won't be working for any mosquitoes in the wild any time soon. "We are at least a decade away from actually releasing mosquitoes into the wild," said Riehle. The engineered mosquitoes could mate with wild mosquitoes, but that the team still needs a more effective way to drive the inserted genes through the entire population. Research labs across the world are trying to solve that exact problem, but so far no solution has been developed.

1-Octen-3-ol (069037) Fact

The groundbreaking research, published this week in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explains why mosquitoes shifted hosts from birds to humans and paves the way for key developments in mosquito and disease control. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. "Nonanal is how they find us," Leal said. "The antennae of the Culex quinquefasciatus are highly developed to detect even extremely low concentrations of nonanal." Mosquitoes detect smells with the olfactory receptor neurons of their antennae. Birds, the main hosts of mosquitoes, serve as the reservoir for the West Nile virus, Leal said. When infected mosquitoes take a blood meal, they transmit the virus to their hosts, which include birds, humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits. Since 1999, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recorded 29,397 human cases and 1,147 fatalities in the United States alone. The UC Davis researchers tested hundreds of naturally occurring compounds emitted by people and birds. They collected chemical odors from 16 adult human subjects, representing multiple races and ethnic groups. "We then determined the specificity and sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neurons to the isolated compounds on the antennae of the mosquitoes," Syed said. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Mostrap

Introduction Mosquitoes easily locate their prey by sensing the carbon dioxide and warmth that warm-blooded mammals give off, as well as natural by-products such as octenol and lactic acid. Like most insects, they are also attracted by ultraviolet light. Mostrap utilizes these active attractants to lure mosquitoes as well as other biting insects away from humans and into the trap, where they dehydrate and die. Unlike many traditional eradication methods, Mostrap does not rely on harmful chemicals, pesticides and repellents, flames, or exposed high voltage parts, and is safe for indoor use, even around children. The attractants, which are natural by-products of respiration, are locked securely at the bottom of the trap, and moving parts such as fans are safely enclosed. Mostrap can be used either as a standalone trap providing protection in a small area, or as part of a larger abatement and control system protecting an entire premise. Features The Mostrap may be hanged, or placed on a table roughly 90cm - 120cm (3 - 4 feet) off the ground. All electronic components of the unit are weather-sealed, and the unit may be deployed both in- and outdoors. No high-voltage parts are exposed where humans or pets may come into accidental contact. Mostrap is designed to be left on 24/7, to provide constant protection for you and your family. The Mostrap uses several physical as well as natural attractants to optimally lure mosquitoes and other biting insects away from humans: Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is a significant component of breath exhaled by humans and most other animals. Although odorless to humans, mosquitoes and many other biting insects are especially attuned to the scent of carbon dioxide, and can smell it from as far as 36 meters away. Mostrap generates small amounts of carbon dioxide to mimic prey, attracting mosquitoes away from humans. The volume of carbon dioxide produced by the Mostrap is large enough to attract mosquitoes, but is still insignificant compared to that which is already found in the air we breathe. It is completely non-toxic to humans. Lactic Acid Lactic acid is the substance muscles produce as a by-product of exercise. Through sweat and perspiration, small amounts of lactic acid are released into the air, the scent of which also attracts mosquitoes. Lactic acid is odorless in the amounts released by Mostrap. The attractant is contained securely in the locked base of the trap, so that children and pets will not come into accidental contact with it. Octenol Octenol is a chemical contained in small quantities in human breath and sweat. It is odorless at the levels released by Mostrap, and like all our active attractants, it is stored such that accidental contact is minimized. Ultraviolet Light A large variety of insect pests are attracted to ultraviolet (UV) light, as a result of the structure of their compound eyes. Insects fly towards the light until they are sucked into the trap by its powerful fan. Mostrap is principally a dry, dehydration trap. Insects which fly close to the opening will be caught in the fan's vortex, and are sucked into the catch box where they dehydrate and die. Mosquitoes are weak flyers, and are unable to escape the air currents in the catch box. The catch box will accumulate a significant quantity of dead insects after prolonged operation, and should be emptied periodically. Specifications Voltage 220V - 240V (AC) Power 18W (Operational) Effective Range 30 - 40 sqm Weight 1.2kg Dimensions 250mm (L) * 250mm (W) * 340mm (H)

How Mosquito Traps Work

It is generally accepted that there are two key elements to a successful mosquito trap. First the ability to attract mosquitoes to the trap and second the ability to get the mosquitoes into the trap. The first element usually involves long distance attractants which stimulate mosquitoes to become active and fly towards the trap. This can be visual stimuli in the form of ultra violet light at spectrum frequencies below 400 nanometres which means that light is invisible (so-called black lights) and visible spectrum frequencies which can vary depending on the species involved. Darker colours like blue and black or contrasting colours like black and white are also thought to attract different species. Movement may play an important role. Chemical stimuli which duplicate animal respiration and activity are known attractants of mosquitoes. Concentrations of CO2 are increased in the air breathed out by humans and other animals. Perspiration includes many chemical compounds including traces of lactic acid, chemicals similar to 1-Octen-3-ol and moisture. Having got the mosquitoes to the trap it is then necessary to get them inside where they die and can be easily disposed of. Usually this involves use of a net or a wet catch container in some instances. Some traps claim to get mosquitoes inside the trap by means of a powerful suction fan which creates a vacuum. Others have features which are designed to excite mosquitoes and cause them to begin probing and then to enter the trap where they are swept into the catch areas. Some traps are designed to zap or electrocute mosquitoes which of course makes it difficult to determine capture rates of target species. There are thousands of mosquito species worldwide. Each species is unique and each is attracted by different combinations of sensory stimuli. The trick for the mosquito trap manufacturer is to use combinations of stimuli which attract the target species. Some manufacturers have gone to extraordinary lengths in this regard. For example the gas release system on the Mega-Catch? ULTRA is designed to replicate a key element of human respiration. It works by releasing quantities of pure CO2 at varying rates over fixed intervals to produce an exponentially decaying concentration gradient in the air plume emanating from the lower part of the trap with mosquitoes using this concentration gradient to navigate their way to the trap. Mosquito Magnet? traps use counter flow technology with a patented catalytic converter to produce CO2, heat and moisture to attract mosquitoes. They also say that most mosquitoes require a secondary attractant to hone in on the trap for which they offer either Octenol or Lurex3?. On their website they note that Lurex3? attracts hard-to-catch, aggressive day-biters such as the Asian Tiger mosquito. Kaz Inc. also offer a combination lure with their "Nosquito? by Stinger 2-in-1 power bait" (a combination of Octenol and Lactic acid) and Mega-Catch? offer an Octenol lure as well as a combination lure (Octenol and Lactic acid). Mosquito traps can be a very effective component in the management of mosquitoes in any situation, domestic or commercial. There are many benefits of using mosquito traps in areas that there are animals, as well as day care centres, schools, restaurants just to mention a few. Traps can also be used as an effective tool by entomologists and mosquito control agencies when researching mosquito species. All control agencies require data to enable them to identify what species are living in their area that they are researching. Most traps catch the mosquitoes using a fan which sucks them into a container/catch net where they expire. This enables the entomologist to have an actual mosquito that they can easily identify in the laboratory. In addition to using traps, most manufacturers also recommend that you should use other forms of control such as the use of repellents and ensure your yard is free from standing water. Remember that using mosquito traps will not totally eliminate mosquitoes and the aim of a trap is to interrupt the breeding cycle and decrease the population of mosquitoes. It is also important to note that the more mosquito traps you have in an area the better. So when you are reading this website and make a decision on which model trap is best for you, be sure to spread the word to your neighbours. The more traps in use in your neighbourhood the better

the new mosquito scent

I suppose smelling "nonanal" should be considered a good thing, except that it makes one irresistible to certain mosquitoes. In a neat ScienceNOW article by Martin Enserink, the author describes new research by entomologists at U.C. Davis to identify chemical compounds produced by our bodies that attract mosquitoes. It turns out that some people produce a good quantity of nonanal, a compound also produced by birds such as chickens and pigeons that are the preferred blood sources for mosquitoes like Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile Virus. The poor souls who produce nonanal in bird-like quantity are probably the same folks who get eaten alive at backyard cookouts while other folks suffer nary a nibble from those little winged fiends. No doubt new research will build from this work, especially in the realm of mosquito traps that incorporate nonanal in their lures.

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night October 27th, 2009 | Mosquito News Science Blog: Scientists at the University of California, Davis, have identified the dominant odor naturally produced in humans and birds that attracts the blood-feeding Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and other life-threatening diseases. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Building a Better Mosquito Trap

UC Davis scientists who have been sussing out mosquitoes' sniffers have made a discovery that could lead to really killer bug traps. Chemical ecologists Walter Leal and Zain Syed identified a chemical called nonanal in humans—and, crucially, birds—that serves as a signal for the Culex species of mosquito. Nonanal is a metabolic product of fatty acid, and while it's unclear what its function is for us, for hungry mosquitoes it's like a "BITE HERE" sign. The scientists tested hundreds of compounds that birds and humans have and found that sensitive mosquito antennae can detect even minute amounts of nonanal. They used the chemical as a lure and waited to see how bloodsucking, West-Nile-Virus carrying Culex mosquitoes would react. Leal says when they added carbon dioxide to nonanal, the combo attracted more mosquitoes than each of them combined. A heavy duty CO2 trap they put in nearby Yolo County caught around 2,000 of mosquitoes nightly. Leal says synthetic nonanal is dirt cheap to produce and he thinks that traps with it might be available next year. Next, the plan is to test other mosquito species' responses to the combo. Sadly, an effective DEET alternative is still elusive. Blocking nonanal and CO2 means mosquitoes will find a different signal, Leal reports. He also told me that if he had an effective repellent that decreased human attraction to mosquitoes, he'd be first in line. "They give me a tremendous allergic reaction." Photo: UC Davis chemical ecologists Walter Leal (left) and Zain Syed in the lab. Credit: Kathy Keatley Garvey/UC Davis Department of Entomology. en tested for safety on humans, he noted.

Regulatory Decision Document Octenol (1-Octen-3-ol)e

The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system. The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system.

Malaria-Proof Mosquito Created

THE GIST A malaria-destroying mosquito has been created by Arizona scientists. The exact mechanism for this resistance is unknown, but could be due to the insect's immune system or diet. The new mosquito won't be released into the wild anytime soon. enlargeAn estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year. Click to enlarge this image. iStockphoto RELATED CONTENT Synchronized wing beats help mosquitoes meet their mates. Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease Do-It-Yourself Mosquito Vacuum RELATED TOPICS Immune System Insects Mosquito A "malaria-proof" mosquito has been created by scientists who have engineered a genetic "on" switch that permanently activates a malaria-destroying response, according to their report in the journal Public Library of Science Pathogens. If these mosquitoes are successfully introduced into the wild, they could prevent millions of people from becoming infected with life-threatening Plasmodium -- the parasite that causes malaria. "We were surprised how well this works," said Michael Riehle, a professor at the University of Arizona and a co-author of the new PLoS Pathogens paper. "We were just hoping to see some effect on the mosquitoes' growth rate, lifespan or their susceptibility to the parasite. But it was great to see that our construct blocked the infection process completely." An estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year, but each infection comes from female Anopheles mosquitoes. While sucking blood to feed her brood, the mosquito ingests an average of 40 Plasmodium parasites. The parasites develop on the mosquitoes mid-gut, while the insect's immune system does its best to thin the herd. A few parasites escape and eventually migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands, where they sit, ready to infect the next unfortunate victim. The scientists focused on the parasites as they develop by targeting the Akt gene. Previous studies have shown that Akt affects a mosquito's longevity, immune system and digestion -- all of which could affect the bug's susceptibility to malaria. As a result, the team engineered a special version of the Akt gene into the eggs of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. After infecting the mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites and allowing them to develop, the scientists examined the mosquitoes. They found no trace of the malaria parasites in mosquitoes that had the amped up version of Akt. Exactly how Akt eliminates malaria in mosquitoes is unknown. Older mosquitoes are more likely to carry malaria than younger mosquitoes, and Akt mosquitoes die sooner. That suggests age might be a factor. The mosquito's immune system naturally destroys many malaria parasites so it stands to reason that a beefed up immune system could destroy all of the parasites. The mosquito's digestive system could also simply consume the parasites as it digests its blood meal. "What they've done is take a key point in the insulin signaling pathway, and expressed an active form of it in the gut," said Mark Brown, a doctor at the University of Georgia who is familiar with the new research. Akt, said Brown, "could be activated at any step along that process." Regardless of how Akt works, it won't be working for any mosquitoes in the wild any time soon. "We are at least a decade away from actually releasing mosquitoes into the wild," said Riehle. The engineered mosquitoes could mate with wild mosquitoes, but that the team still needs a more effective way to drive the inserted genes through the entire population. Research labs across the world are trying to solve that exact problem, but so far no solution has been developed.

1-Octen-3-ol (069037) Fact

The groundbreaking research, published this week in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explains why mosquitoes shifted hosts from birds to humans and paves the way for key developments in mosquito and disease control. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. "Nonanal is how they find us," Leal said. "The antennae of the Culex quinquefasciatus are highly developed to detect even extremely low concentrations of nonanal." Mosquitoes detect smells with the olfactory receptor neurons of their antennae. Birds, the main hosts of mosquitoes, serve as the reservoir for the West Nile virus, Leal said. When infected mosquitoes take a blood meal, they transmit the virus to their hosts, which include birds, humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits. Since 1999, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recorded 29,397 human cases and 1,147 fatalities in the United States alone. The UC Davis researchers tested hundreds of naturally occurring compounds emitted by people and birds. They collected chemical odors from 16 adult human subjects, representing multiple races and ethnic groups. "We then determined the specificity and sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neurons to the isolated compounds on the antennae of the mosquitoes," Syed said. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Mostrap

Introduction Mosquitoes easily locate their prey by sensing the carbon dioxide and warmth that warm-blooded mammals give off, as well as natural by-products such as octenol and lactic acid. Like most insects, they are also attracted by ultraviolet light. Mostrap utilizes these active attractants to lure mosquitoes as well as other biting insects away from humans and into the trap, where they dehydrate and die. Unlike many traditional eradication methods, Mostrap does not rely on harmful chemicals, pesticides and repellents, flames, or exposed high voltage parts, and is safe for indoor use, even around children. The attractants, which are natural by-products of respiration, are locked securely at the bottom of the trap, and moving parts such as fans are safely enclosed. Mostrap can be used either as a standalone trap providing protection in a small area, or as part of a larger abatement and control system protecting an entire premise. Features The Mostrap may be hanged, or placed on a table roughly 90cm - 120cm (3 - 4 feet) off the ground. All electronic components of the unit are weather-sealed, and the unit may be deployed both in- and outdoors. No high-voltage parts are exposed where humans or pets may come into accidental contact. Mostrap is designed to be left on 24/7, to provide constant protection for you and your family. The Mostrap uses several physical as well as natural attractants to optimally lure mosquitoes and other biting insects away from humans: Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is a significant component of breath exhaled by humans and most other animals. Although odorless to humans, mosquitoes and many other biting insects are especially attuned to the scent of carbon dioxide, and can smell it from as far as 36 meters away. Mostrap generates small amounts of carbon dioxide to mimic prey, attracting mosquitoes away from humans. The volume of carbon dioxide produced by the Mostrap is large enough to attract mosquitoes, but is still insignificant compared to that which is already found in the air we breathe. It is completely non-toxic to humans. Lactic Acid Lactic acid is the substance muscles produce as a by-product of exercise. Through sweat and perspiration, small amounts of lactic acid are released into the air, the scent of which also attracts mosquitoes. Lactic acid is odorless in the amounts released by Mostrap. The attractant is contained securely in the locked base of the trap, so that children and pets will not come into accidental contact with it. Octenol Octenol is a chemical contained in small quantities in human breath and sweat. It is odorless at the levels released by Mostrap, and like all our active attractants, it is stored such that accidental contact is minimized. Ultraviolet Light A large variety of insect pests are attracted to ultraviolet (UV) light, as a result of the structure of their compound eyes. Insects fly towards the light until they are sucked into the trap by its powerful fan. Mostrap is principally a dry, dehydration trap. Insects which fly close to the opening will be caught in the fan's vortex, and are sucked into the catch box where they dehydrate and die. Mosquitoes are weak flyers, and are unable to escape the air currents in the catch box. The catch box will accumulate a significant quantity of dead insects after prolonged operation, and should be emptied periodically. Specifications Voltage 220V - 240V (AC) Power 18W (Operational) Effective Range 30 - 40 sqm Weight 1.2kg Dimensions 250mm (L) * 250mm (W) * 340mm (H)

How Mosquito Traps Work

It is generally accepted that there are two key elements to a successful mosquito trap. First the ability to attract mosquitoes to the trap and second the ability to get the mosquitoes into the trap. The first element usually involves long distance attractants which stimulate mosquitoes to become active and fly towards the trap. This can be visual stimuli in the form of ultra violet light at spectrum frequencies below 400 nanometres which means that light is invisible (so-called black lights) and visible spectrum frequencies which can vary depending on the species involved. Darker colours like blue and black or contrasting colours like black and white are also thought to attract different species. Movement may play an important role. Chemical stimuli which duplicate animal respiration and activity are known attractants of mosquitoes. Concentrations of CO2 are increased in the air breathed out by humans and other animals. Perspiration includes many chemical compounds including traces of lactic acid, chemicals similar to 1-Octen-3-ol and moisture. Having got the mosquitoes to the trap it is then necessary to get them inside where they die and can be easily disposed of. Usually this involves use of a net or a wet catch container in some instances. Some traps claim to get mosquitoes inside the trap by means of a powerful suction fan which creates a vacuum. Others have features which are designed to excite mosquitoes and cause them to begin probing and then to enter the trap where they are swept into the catch areas. Some traps are designed to zap or electrocute mosquitoes which of course makes it difficult to determine capture rates of target species. There are thousands of mosquito species worldwide. Each species is unique and each is attracted by different combinations of sensory stimuli. The trick for the mosquito trap manufacturer is to use combinations of stimuli which attract the target species. Some manufacturers have gone to extraordinary lengths in this regard. For example the gas release system on the Mega-Catch? ULTRA is designed to replicate a key element of human respiration. It works by releasing quantities of pure CO2 at varying rates over fixed intervals to produce an exponentially decaying concentration gradient in the air plume emanating from the lower part of the trap with mosquitoes using this concentration gradient to navigate their way to the trap. Mosquito Magnet? traps use counter flow technology with a patented catalytic converter to produce CO2, heat and moisture to attract mosquitoes. They also say that most mosquitoes require a secondary attractant to hone in on the trap for which they offer either Octenol or Lurex3?. On their website they note that Lurex3? attracts hard-to-catch, aggressive day-biters such as the Asian Tiger mosquito. Kaz Inc. also offer a combination lure with their "Nosquito? by Stinger 2-in-1 power bait" (a combination of Octenol and Lactic acid) and Mega-Catch? offer an Octenol lure as well as a combination lure (Octenol and Lactic acid). Mosquito traps can be a very effective component in the management of mosquitoes in any situation, domestic or commercial. There are many benefits of using mosquito traps in areas that there are animals, as well as day care centres, schools, restaurants just to mention a few. Traps can also be used as an effective tool by entomologists and mosquito control agencies when researching mosquito species. All control agencies require data to enable them to identify what species are living in their area that they are researching. Most traps catch the mosquitoes using a fan which sucks them into a container/catch net where they expire. This enables the entomologist to have an actual mosquito that they can easily identify in the laboratory. In addition to using traps, most manufacturers also recommend that you should use other forms of control such as the use of repellents and ensure your yard is free from standing water. Remember that using mosquito traps will not totally eliminate mosquitoes and the aim of a trap is to interrupt the breeding cycle and decrease the population of mosquitoes. It is also important to note that the more mosquito traps you have in an area the better. So when you are reading this website and make a decision on which model trap is best for you, be sure to spread the word to your neighbours. The more traps in use in your neighbourhood the better

the new mosquito scent

I suppose smelling "nonanal" should be considered a good thing, except that it makes one irresistible to certain mosquitoes. In a neat ScienceNOW article by Martin Enserink, the author describes new research by entomologists at U.C. Davis to identify chemical compounds produced by our bodies that attract mosquitoes. It turns out that some people produce a good quantity of nonanal, a compound also produced by birds such as chickens and pigeons that are the preferred blood sources for mosquitoes like Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile Virus. The poor souls who produce nonanal in bird-like quantity are probably the same folks who get eaten alive at backyard cookouts while other folks suffer nary a nibble from those little winged fiends. No doubt new research will build from this work, especially in the realm of mosquito traps that incorporate nonanal in their lures.

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night

Mosquito Traps baited with Nonanal and C02 Capture 2000 a Night October 27th, 2009 | Mosquito News Science Blog: Scientists at the University of California, Davis, have identified the dominant odor naturally produced in humans and birds that attracts the blood-feeding Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and other life-threatening diseases. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Building a Better Mosquito Trap

UC Davis scientists who have been sussing out mosquitoes' sniffers have made a discovery that could lead to really killer bug traps. Chemical ecologists Walter Leal and Zain Syed identified a chemical called nonanal in humans—and, crucially, birds—that serves as a signal for the Culex species of mosquito. Nonanal is a metabolic product of fatty acid, and while it's unclear what its function is for us, for hungry mosquitoes it's like a "BITE HERE" sign. The scientists tested hundreds of compounds that birds and humans have and found that sensitive mosquito antennae can detect even minute amounts of nonanal. They used the chemical as a lure and waited to see how bloodsucking, West-Nile-Virus carrying Culex mosquitoes would react. Leal says when they added carbon dioxide to nonanal, the combo attracted more mosquitoes than each of them combined. A heavy duty CO2 trap they put in nearby Yolo County caught around 2,000 of mosquitoes nightly. Leal says synthetic nonanal is dirt cheap to produce and he thinks that traps with it might be available next year. Next, the plan is to test other mosquito species' responses to the combo. Sadly, an effective DEET alternative is still elusive. Blocking nonanal and CO2 means mosquitoes will find a different signal, Leal reports. He also told me that if he had an effective repellent that decreased human attraction to mosquitoes, he'd be first in line. "They give me a tremendous allergic reaction." Photo: UC Davis chemical ecologists Walter Leal (left) and Zain Syed in the lab. Credit: Kathy Keatley Garvey/UC Davis Department of Entomology. en tested for safety on humans, he noted.

Regulatory Decision Document Octenol (1-Octen-3-ol)e

The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system. The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system.

Malaria-Proof Mosquito Created

THE GIST A malaria-destroying mosquito has been created by Arizona scientists. The exact mechanism for this resistance is unknown, but could be due to the insect's immune system or diet. The new mosquito won't be released into the wild anytime soon. enlargeAn estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year. Click to enlarge this image. iStockphoto RELATED CONTENT Synchronized wing beats help mosquitoes meet their mates. Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease Do-It-Yourself Mosquito Vacuum RELATED TOPICS Immune System Insects Mosquito A "malaria-proof" mosquito has been created by scientists who have engineered a genetic "on" switch that permanently activates a malaria-destroying response, according to their report in the journal Public Library of Science Pathogens. If these mosquitoes are successfully introduced into the wild, they could prevent millions of people from becoming infected with life-threatening Plasmodium -- the parasite that causes malaria. "We were surprised how well this works," said Michael Riehle, a professor at the University of Arizona and a co-author of the new PLoS Pathogens paper. "We were just hoping to see some effect on the mosquitoes' growth rate, lifespan or their susceptibility to the parasite. But it was great to see that our construct blocked the infection process completely." An estimated 250 million people are infected by the four kinds of Plasmodium each year, but each infection comes from female Anopheles mosquitoes. While sucking blood to feed her brood, the mosquito ingests an average of 40 Plasmodium parasites. The parasites develop on the mosquitoes mid-gut, while the insect's immune system does its best to thin the herd. A few parasites escape and eventually migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands, where they sit, ready to infect the next unfortunate victim. The scientists focused on the parasites as they develop by targeting the Akt gene. Previous studies have shown that Akt affects a mosquito's longevity, immune system and digestion -- all of which could affect the bug's susceptibility to malaria. As a result, the team engineered a special version of the Akt gene into the eggs of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. After infecting the mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites and allowing them to develop, the scientists examined the mosquitoes. They found no trace of the malaria parasites in mosquitoes that had the amped up version of Akt. Exactly how Akt eliminates malaria in mosquitoes is unknown. Older mosquitoes are more likely to carry malaria than younger mosquitoes, and Akt mosquitoes die sooner. That suggests age might be a factor. The mosquito's immune system naturally destroys many malaria parasites so it stands to reason that a beefed up immune system could destroy all of the parasites. The mosquito's digestive system could also simply consume the parasites as it digests its blood meal. "What they've done is take a key point in the insulin signaling pathway, and expressed an active form of it in the gut," said Mark Brown, a doctor at the University of Georgia who is familiar with the new research. Akt, said Brown, "could be activated at any step along that process." Regardless of how Akt works, it won't be working for any mosquitoes in the wild any time soon. "We are at least a decade away from actually releasing mosquitoes into the wild," said Riehle. The engineered mosquitoes could mate with wild mosquitoes, but that the team still needs a more effective way to drive the inserted genes through the entire population. Research labs across the world are trying to solve that exact problem, but so far no solution has been developed.

1-Octen-3-ol (069037) Fact

The groundbreaking research, published this week in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explains why mosquitoes shifted hosts from birds to humans and paves the way for key developments in mosquito and disease control. Entomology professor Walter Leal and postdoctoral researcher Zain Syed found that nonanal (sounds like NAWN-uh-nawl) is the powerful semiochemical that triggers the mosquitoes' keen sense of smell, directing them toward a blood meal. A semiochemical is a chemical substance or mixture that carries a message. "Nonanal is how they find us," Leal said. "The antennae of the Culex quinquefasciatus are highly developed to detect even extremely low concentrations of nonanal." Mosquitoes detect smells with the olfactory receptor neurons of their antennae. Birds, the main hosts of mosquitoes, serve as the reservoir for the West Nile virus, Leal said. When infected mosquitoes take a blood meal, they transmit the virus to their hosts, which include birds, humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels and domestic rabbits. Since 1999, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recorded 29,397 human cases and 1,147 fatalities in the United States alone. The UC Davis researchers tested hundreds of naturally occurring compounds emitted by people and birds. They collected chemical odors from 16 adult human subjects, representing multiple races and ethnic groups. "We then determined the specificity and sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neurons to the isolated compounds on the antennae of the mosquitoes," Syed said. Leal and Syed found that nonanal acts synergistically with carbon dioxide, a known mosquito attractant. "We baited mosquito traps with a combination of nonanal and carbon dioxide and we were drawing in as many as 2,000 a night in Yolo County, near Davis," Syed said. "Nonanal, in combination with carbon dioxide, increased trap captures by more than 50 percent, compared to traps baited with carbon dioxide alone."

Mostrap

Introduction Mosquitoes easily locate their prey by sensing the carbon dioxide and warmth that warm-blooded mammals give off, as well as natural by-products such as octenol and lactic acid. Like most insects, they are also attracted by ultraviolet light. Mostrap utilizes these active attractants to lure mosquitoes as well as other biting insects away from humans and into the trap, where they dehydrate and die. Unlike many traditional eradication methods, Mostrap does not rely on harmful chemicals, pesticides and repellents, flames, or exposed high voltage parts, and is safe for indoor use, even around children. The attractants, which are natural by-products of respiration, are locked securely at the bottom of the trap, and moving parts such as fans are safely enclosed. Mostrap can be used either as a standalone trap providing protection in a small area, or as part of a larger abatement and control system protecting an entire premise. Features The Mostrap may be hanged, or placed on a table roughly 90cm - 120cm (3 - 4 feet) off the ground. All electronic components of the unit are weather-sealed, and the unit may be deployed both in- and outdoors. No high-voltage parts are exposed where humans or pets may come into accidental contact. Mostrap is designed to be left on 24/7, to provide constant protection for you and your family. The Mostrap uses several physical as well as natural attractants to optimally lure mosquitoes and other biting insects away from humans: Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is a significant component of breath exhaled by humans and most other animals. Although odorless to humans, mosquitoes and many other biting insects are especially attuned to the scent of carbon dioxide, and can smell it from as far as 36 meters away. Mostrap generates small amounts of carbon dioxide to mimic prey, attracting mosquitoes away from humans. The volume of carbon dioxide produced by the Mostrap is large enough to attract mosquitoes, but is still insignificant compared to that which is already found in the air we breathe. It is completely non-toxic to humans. Lactic Acid Lactic acid is the substance muscles produce as a by-product of exercise. Through sweat and perspiration, small amounts of lactic acid are released into the air, the scent of which also attracts mosquitoes. Lactic acid is odorless in the amounts released by Mostrap. The attractant is contained securely in the locked base of the trap, so that children and pets will not come into accidental contact with it. Octenol Octenol is a chemical contained in small quantities in human breath and sweat. It is odorless at the levels released by Mostrap, and like all our active attractants, it is stored such that accidental contact is minimized. Ultraviolet Light A large variety of insect pests are attracted to ultraviolet (UV) light, as a result of the structure of their compound eyes. Insects fly towards the light until they are sucked into the trap by its powerful fan. Mostrap is principally a dry, dehydration trap. Insects which fly close to the opening will be caught in the fan's vortex, and are sucked into the catch box where they dehydrate and die. Mosquitoes are weak flyers, and are unable to escape the air currents in the catch box. The catch box will accumulate a significant quantity of dead insects after prolonged operation, and should be emptied periodically. Specifications Voltage 220V - 240V (AC) Power 18W (Operational) Effective Range 30 - 40 sqm Weight 1.2kg Dimensions 250mm (L) * 250mm (W) * 340mm (H)

How Mosquito Traps Work

It is generally accepted that there are two key elements to a successful mosquito trap. First the ability to attract mosquitoes to the trap and second the ability to get the mosquitoes into the trap. The first element usually involves long distance attractants which stimulate mosquitoes to become active and fly towards the trap. This can be visual stimuli in the form of ultra violet light at spectrum frequencies below 400 nanometres which means that light is invisible (so-called black lights) and visible spectrum frequencies which can vary depending on the species involved. Darker colours like blue and black or contrasting colours like black and white are also thought to attract different species. Movement may play an important role. Chemical stimuli which duplicate animal respiration and activity are known attractants of mosquitoes. Concentrations of CO2 are increased in the air breathed out by humans and other animals. Perspiration includes many chemical compounds including traces of lactic acid, chemicals similar to 1-Octen-3-ol and moisture. Having got the mosquitoes to the trap it is then necessary to get them inside where they die and can be easily disposed of. Usually this involves use of a net or a wet catch container in some instances. Some traps claim to get mosquitoes inside the trap by means of a powerful suction fan which creates a vacuum. Others have features which are designed to excite mosquitoes and cause them to begin probing and then to enter the trap where they are swept into the catch areas. Some traps are designed to zap or electrocute mosquitoes which of course makes it difficult to determine capture rates of target species. There are thousands of mosquito species worldwide. Each species is unique and each is attracted by different combinations of sensory stimuli. The trick for the mosquito trap manufacturer is to use combinations of stimuli which attract the target species. Some manufacturers have gone to extraordinary lengths in this regard. For example the gas release system on the Mega-Catch? ULTRA is designed to replicate a key element of human respiration. It works by releasing quantities of pure CO2 at varying rates over fixed intervals to produce an exponentially decaying concentration gradient in the air plume emanating from the lower part of the trap with mosquitoes using this concentration gradient to navigate their way to the trap. Mosquito Magnet? traps use counter flow technology with a patented catalytic converter to produce CO2, heat and moisture to attract mosquitoes. They also say that most mosquitoes require a secondary attractant to hone in on the trap for which they offer either Octenol or Lurex3?. On their website they note that Lurex3? attracts hard-to-catch, aggressive day-biters such as the Asian Tiger mosquito. Kaz Inc. also offer a combination lure with their "Nosquito? by Stinger 2-in-1 power bait" (a combination of Octenol and Lactic acid) and Mega-Catch? offer an Octenol lure as well as a combination lure (Octenol and Lactic acid). Mosquito traps can be a very effective component in the management of mosquitoes in any situation, domestic or commercial. There are many benefits of using mosquito traps in areas that there are animals, as well as day care centres, schools, restaurants just to mention a few. Traps can also be used as an effective tool by entomologists and mosquito control agencies when researching mosquito species. All control agencies require data to enable them to identify what species are living in their area that they are researching. Most traps catch the mosquitoes using a fan which sucks them into a container/catch net where they expire. This enables the entomologist to have an actual mosquito that they can easily identify in the laboratory. In addition to using traps, most manufacturers also recommend that you should use other forms of control such as the use of repellents and ensure your yard is free from standing water. Remember that using mosquito traps will not totally eliminate mosquitoes and the aim of a trap is to interrupt the breeding cycle and decrease the population of mosquitoes. It is also important to note that the more mosquito traps you have in an area the better. So when you are reading this website and make a decision on which model trap is best for you, be sure to spread the word to your neighbours. The more traps in use in your neighbourhood the better

the new mosquito scent

I suppose smelling "nonanal" should be considered a good thing, except that it makes one irresistible to certain mosquitoes. In a neat ScienceNOW article by Martin Enserink, the author describes new research by entomologists at U.C. Davis to identify chemical compounds produced by our bodies that attract mosquitoes. It turns out that some people produce a good quantity of nonanal, a compound also produced by birds such as chickens and pigeons that are the preferred blood sources for mosquitoes like Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile Virus. The poor souls who produce nonanal in bird-like quantity are probably the same folks who get eaten alive at backyard cookouts while other folks suffer nary a nibble from those little winged fiends. No doubt new research will build from this work, especially in the realm of mosquito traps that incorporate nonanal in their lures.